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What does research tell us about grammar teaching? An update

In 2018  I wrote a blog post summarising a chapter by Hossein Nassaji on grammar acquisition in The Routledge Handbook of Instructed Second Language Acquisition (Loewen and Sato, 2017). The chapter offered an accessible overview of research into classroom grammar teaching, including the value of explicit instruction, the role of practice and the relationship between conscious knowledge of rules and fluent language use. Since then, further research has appeared, including some useful meta-analyses. So what can we now say about grammar teaching, and what are the implications for language teachers? Explicit and implicit knowledge Let's begin with a familiar, hugely important distinction. Explicit knowledge is conscious knowledge about language, such as being able to explain how to form the perfect tense in French. Think of it as “knowing THAT”. Implicit knowledge is the largely unconscious knowledge which allows us to comprehend and produce language spontaneously, without having ...
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An A-level lesson about Russian troll farms

 I'm sharing here a resource I just uploaded to frenchteacher.net. It's effectively a whole lesson on the important topic of telling fact from fiction in online social media posts. Facebook, X and YouTube are plagued with Russian bots and trolls, and students need to think about this, if they don't already. I got ChatGPT to do most of the work for this, after I gave it the relevant prompts. It came up with the very good idea of creating a task whereby students look at some hypothetical posts and use any clues to tell if they are genuine, or from bots. So do help yourself to this and feel free to translate it into another language or even use it in English. This would work really well as a Y13 A-level lesson, or for IB Diploma, Irish Leaving Certificate or similar. In England, it fits with the AQA sub-theme of cyber-society, even though the content does not relate specifically to France. In a case like this, I would be very happy to overlook the lack of a French connection, ...

GCSE MFL: is it time to really put listening and speaking first?

Irrespective of the recent oracy push in the English education system, I have long thought that not enough emphasis is placed on listening and speaking in GCSE modern language exams. Think about it - the current weightings are 25% for each of the four skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing. Apart from being suspiciously tidy, the system appears to show that reading and writing in the target language are just as important as speaking and listening. Because of the well-known backwash (washback) effect (the test affecting the teaching), the current weightings encourage teachers to spend a lot of time on written texts and written accuracy. Lessons at KS4 are often devoted to short essay writing, accuracy-focused grammatical exercises, past paper practice and reading comprehension. This is entirely understandable as teachers do their best to help pupils get the best grade. A spin-off is that reading and writing-focused tasks also play a major role at KS3, as the ripples of th...

Oracy - haven’t we always done this?

Lucy Powell’s recent announcement on oracy in England has generated a lot of reaction on social media, largely positive, as far as I can tell. In general terms, the idea is that speaking (and listening)) should be given greater prominence across the curriculum, alongside reading and writing. Pupils should learn not just to express themselves clearly, but to listen attentively, respond thoughtfully, explain ideas and participate effectively in discussions.  For modern language teachers, the initial reaction might understandably be:  Haven’t we always done this? After all, speaking has been central to language teaching for decades. Think of all those question-and-answer exchanges, spoken drills, presentations, dialogues, role plays, information-gap tasks, surveys, interviews and discussions. Language teachers have a long tradition of modelling spoken language, providing scaffolding, encouraging hesitant pupils and gradually developing fluency through practice.  But we ought...