Language Teacher Toolkit: Steve Smith's blog

 I'm not sure who first coined the terms fine-tuning and rough-tuning of input, but they have certainly become associated with the work of Stephen Krashen. In this post, I'll explain what the terms refer to and what they might mean for language teacher practice. We all know that a prequisite for first and additional language acquisition is input students can understand ( comprehensible input , to use Krashen's familar term). Krashen used the formula i + 1 to describe input which is at or just above the learner's current level. This would imply giving students aural and written texts, dialogues, etc, which contain a large majority of vocabulary students already know (Paul Nation and others write about 95-98% knowledge), using grammatical constructions which students are already familiar with. This is where the distinction between fine-tuning and rough-tuning of input comes in. There is no precise definition of this, but essentially if you finely tune the input you go out...

 I used the AI tools Deepseek and Le Chat (Mistral AI) to help me write this - a great example of cognitive offloading, as you'll see. So what is cognitive offloading and what implications are there for our work as language teachers and teacher educators? Cognitive offloading  is the process of using physical actions or external tools to reduce the immediate cognitive demand of a task. It's the act of shifting the burden of mental processing from your brain onto the environment to free up mental resources. A simple everyday example would be to use a calculator to do simple arithmetic. I've also come across the term auxiliary memory, to describe tools like phones and notebooks where we can store information so we don't hae to worry about holding it in memopry. Call it freeing up cognitive space, if you like, or "letting tools do the work for you". Everyday examples include: Writing a list:  Instead of trying to remember 10 grocery items, you write them down. Yo...

 Always remember how good information gap tasks are! This one generates listening, reading, speaking and factual, cultiral knowledge for the A-level exam. Just sit back and watch your B1/2 level students (Y13 in England) listen and speak! I used Le Chat (Mistral AI) to generate the texts and questions, just doing a few vocab glosses if words were likley not to be understood. I asked for level B1. le Chat works as well as Chat GPT for this sort of resource creation and comes with less political baggage. The topic is how French charities support migrants and I would have very happily set this as a task for an A-level (Y13) class. If you have an odd number in the group, just create one group of three where two students share the same text and take tuns asking the questions. This is a sort of variation on my 'Ask the Experts' tasks on the site, but this has the advantage that you can do it with a very samll group — as few as two! Here is my resource — you could get AI to create si...

 A few weeks ago I was in Brussels visiting an old friend, Jonathan, who is retired but does voluntary work including teaching English to teenage students who have dropped out of school for various reasons. These students attend a school run by ABER . Their website states that their aim is to help 15-21 year-olds get back into school by offering a personal education programme. This includes English lessons. Most of the class were of Moroccan descent, all had fluent French. The class had various levels of English ranging from A! (very little) to A2/B1 - a certain degree of fluency. My friend asked me if I would like to come along and join in with an English lesson, which I was very happy to do. Now Jonathan is not a trained teacher and he was pleased to let me take over the class of about 12 students. We had been given a somewhat dated article to use whose main aim was to get students using the future tense. To play along, I got the students to do some choral reading, pronunciation ...

In this post I'm returning to a subject which is so important for language teachers, and one I have written about before in a historical context here . Implicit language learning refers to how we acquire a language naturally and unconsciously, without explicitly studying grammar rules, doing exercises or memorising vocabulary. Historically, different language has been used to distinguish between implicit and explicit learning. Researchers and educators have contrasted, for example: Informal vs formal learning Naturalistic vs classroom learning Acquisition vs learning (Krashen) Spontaneous vs studial (H.E. Palmer) Knowing how vs knowing that (declarative vs procedural knowledge) These terms broadly reflect a long-standing attempt to distinguish between language development that occurs through meaningful exposure and communication, and language knowledge that develops through structured instruction and conscious study. I'm going to throw a pebble in the water at this point by s...