Skip to main content

Faulty transcripts

You'll already be familiar with the idea of giving students a written text which differs in minor details from a text to be read aloud. This 'faulty transcript' idea is not at all new and I recall it being used as part of A-level exams back in the day.  Why is correcting transcripts useful? 

  • It involves students listening while reading text, which scaffolds the listening process and reinforces sound-spelling relationships. 
  • It also requires very careful, intensive listening which is involves more thorough processing of language and, one might assume, more input becoming intake.
  • In addition, students tend to like this type of exercise since they enjoy correcting things which are wrong. In cognitive science terms, our brains take extra interest when we encounter items which are unexpected. 
  • You can tailor this type of task to match closely what your class knows. It can work with beginners up to advanced level.
  • It builds written skill.
  • It builds depth of vocabulary knowledge since students are thinking about and retrieving synonyms or near-synonyms. We know that 'knowing a word' is much more than just knowing what it means.
  • When working at the collocation level (see below), not just isolated words to change, again... this enhances depth of vocabulary knowledge.
  • The task is based on comprehensible input, including the possible inclusion of some new vocabulary.

So here is an example I just uploaded to frenchteachter.net - a short text for low-intermediate (A1/2) learners, perhaps those doing Foundation Level GCSE.

First, the class hears the text below read aloud, at least twice and at a moderate pace. You might pre-teach some of the key vocabulary or non-cognates or false friends such as pouvoir and personnage.

Mathieu parle des séries de télévision

J’adore regarder des séries télé en streaming. Ma famille est abonnée à Netflix et à Disney Plus. En ce moment ma série préférée est Stranger Things sur Netflix. J’ai regardé toutes les saisons et je pense que je préfère la quatrième saison. À mon avis, c’est une série avec des personnages sympas, des monstres qui font peur et une musique originale. Mon personnage favori est El. Elle a un pouvoir spécial. Elle défend la ville de Hawkins contre les monstres du Upside Down, un monde parallèle plein de monstres méchants.

Sinon, j’aime bien les différentes séries basées sur l'univers de Star Wars. J’ai adoré The Mandalorian, par exemple. Je trouve le personnage du Mandalorian amusant et courageux.

Un problème, c’est que ça coûte cher d’être abonné à tous les services de streaming. Mais on peut changer de service quand on a regardé ses séries préférées.

While you are reading, the class has the amended version below with eight differences. I have already marked in where the differences lie. Students would not see them.

Mathieu parle des séries de télévision

J’adore regarder des séries télé en streaming. Ma famille est abonnée à Netflix et à Disney Plus. Actuellement ma série préférée est Stranger Things sur Netflix. J’ai vu toutes les saisons et je pense que je préfère la quatrième saison. À mon avis, c’est une série avec des personnages gentils, des monstres qui font peur et une musique originale. Mon personnage favori est El. Elle a un pouvoir remarquable. Elle défend la ville de Hawkins contre les monstres du Upside Down, un monde parallèle plein de personnages méchants.

Sinon, j’aime bien les différentes séries basées sur l'univers de Star Wars. J’ai aimé The Mandalorian, par exemple. Je trouve le personnage du Mandalorian amusant et courageux.

Un problème, c’est que ça coûte beaucoup d’être abonné à tous les services de streaming. Mais on peut changer de service quand on a regardé ses séries favorites.

So far, so good.

Let me suggest a few ways you could adjust this.

1.  Use collocations. You could choose to make differences cross two or more words, to put the emphasis on collocations. This draws students' attention a little more to the relationship between words they hear and demands a little more writing and processing on their part. For example, in the text above you could replace, the last paragraph, 'Un problème, c’est que...' with 'Il y a un problème.' This needs more processing and is more demanding.

2. Give options. To make the task more easier for weaker classes you could supply options beneath the text, which could include a suitable number of distractors (words/phrases not to be used) to achieve the level of difficulty you need.

3. Add gap-fill. To go in the other direction, and increase the challenge, you could combine differences with gaps to fill. As in the example below - again, remember that the students don't see the parts I have underlined.

Mathieu parle des séries de télévision

J’adore ________ des séries télé en streaming. Ma famille est abonnée à Netflix et à Disney Plus. Actuellement ma _____ préférée est Stranger Things sur Netflix. J’ai vu toutes les saisons et je _____ que je préfère la quatrième saison. À mon avis, c’est une série avec des ____________  gentils, des monstres qui font ____ et une musique originale. Mon personnage favori est El. Elle a un pouvoir remarquable. Elle défend la _____ de Hawkins contre les monstres du Upside Down, un _____ parallèle plein de personnages méchants.

Sinon, j’aime bien les différentes séries basées sur l' _______ de Star Wars. J’ai aimé The Mandalorian, par _______. Je trouve le personnage du Mandalorian _______ et courageux.

Un ________, c’est que ça coûte beaucoup d’être abonné à tous les __________ de streaming. Mais on peut _______ de service quand on a regardé ses séries favorites.

4. Design a faulty transcript. With a clever enough class you could get them to design their own faulty transcripts. Give students a text of the right length and degree of difficulty and ask them to make changes to the transcript as if they were the teacher. When you design the text ensure you include words and phrases for which there are obvious  synonyms or near synonyms. Then in pairs students could try out their altered transcript with a their partner. Needless to say, this would need a very good class, but it's an example of how you can stretch high-flyers.

5. Student volunteer. Instead of you reading the text aloud, ask a student to do the job. This would be a nice way to give a boost to selected students if they keen to have a go.

6. Use the text. Once you have done the faulty transcript task, you have a text you can work on in other ways, e.g. through question-answer, 'correct my false statements', true-false, and so on. Alternatively, work on the text first before doing the faulty transcript task.

For teachers who may be concerned about the slightly increased emphasis on phonics in the new GCSE from 2026, using this type of task a little more might be one more tool in your box. In any case, it is a valuable task for building listening skill in general.



Comments

Popular posts from this blog

What is the natural order hypothesis?

The natural order hypothesis states that all learners acquire the grammatical structures of a language in roughly the same order. This applies to both first and second language acquisition. This order is not dependent on the ease with which a particular language feature can be taught; in English, some features, such as third-person "-s" ("he runs") are easy to teach in a classroom setting, but are not typically fully acquired until the later stages of language acquisition. The hypothesis was based on morpheme studies by Heidi Dulay and Marina Burt, which found that certain morphemes were predictably learned before others during the course of second language acquisition. The hypothesis was picked up by Stephen Krashen who incorporated it in his very well known input model of second language learning. Furthermore, according to the natural order hypothesis, the order of acquisition remains the same regardless of the teacher's explicit instruction; in other words,

What is skill acquisition theory?

For this post, I am drawing on a section from the excellent book by Rod Ellis and Natsuko Shintani called Exploring Language Pedagogy through Second Language Acquisition Research (Routledge, 2014). Skill acquisition is one of several competing theories of how we learn new languages. It’s a theory based on the idea that skilled behaviour in any area can become routinised and even automatic under certain conditions through repeated pairing of stimuli and responses. When put like that, it looks a bit like the behaviourist view of stimulus-response learning which went out of fashion from the late 1950s. Skill acquisition draws on John Anderson’s ACT theory, which he called a cognitivist stimulus-response theory. ACT stands for Adaptive Control of Thought.  ACT theory distinguishes declarative knowledge (knowledge of facts and concepts, such as the fact that adjectives agree) from procedural knowledge (knowing how to do things in certain situations, such as understand and speak a language).

12 principles of second language teaching

This is a short, adapted extract from our book The Language Teacher Toolkit . "We could not possibly recommend a single overall method for second language teaching, but the growing body of research we now have points to certain provisional broad principles which might guide teachers. Canadian professors Patsy Lightbown and Nina Spada (2013), after reviewing a number of studies over the years to see whether it is better to just use meaning-based approaches or to include elements of explicit grammar teaching and practice, conclude: Classroom data from a number of studies offer support for the view that form-focused instruction and corrective feedback provided within the context of communicative and content-based programmes are more effective in promoting second language learning than programmes that are limited to a virtually exclusive emphasis on comprehension. As teachers Gianfranco and I would go along with that general view and would like to suggest our own set of g