Skip to main content

What is priming?

This short blog is an adapted extract from Memory: What Every Language Teacher Should Know (Smith and Conti, 2021).

Priming is an important concept to be aware of as a language teacher. In terms of general learning, priming is about the kind of unconscious 'triggers' which get you to remember or act in a particular way. For instance, you might happen to see a Facebook ad for a product, then the following day end up buying the same product without even remembering that you had seen the advert. You were primed to carry out an action. Or else you might find yourself using an expression a friend has used, without being aware that you had paid attention to it.

In more detail, there are said to be two main types of priming which have powerful learning effects:

  • Perceptual priming. When you see or hear something a second time you process it faster.
  • Conceptual priming. The same as perceptual priming, except that the two things need to be related by meaning.
You can immediately see how repetition and association of concepts play a role in faster processing of language.

In second language learning the priming has also been described as semantic (lexical), phonological and syntactic.

  1. Semantic or lexical priming. This is when a listener, hearing the word bread will recognise words like baker, butter, knife more quickly than unrelated words like chair, cement or lightbulb. For example, if you present the word transport a second time, a student processes it faster. Subsequently, if you present the word train it is processed more quickly because it is related to the topic of transport. Priming is known to activate the brain areas associated with the thing being primed. So, priming the word transport causes all the areas of the brain associated with transport to become active for a moment. This extra bit of activity makes it easier for additional information to activate them fully. In this way students develop what is called perceptual fluency.

Lexical Priming Theory states that each time we encounter a word we make a subconscious note of the words which could occur alongside it (collocations) and of any associated grammatical pattern. Through multiple encounters with that word we become primed to associate it with the most commonly recurring elements. (Think of how, when you enter a word in Google other words immediately appear after it, based on frequency of search or your own previous searches.) This suggests teachers should consider mainly teach vocabulary in chunks and sentences to encourage the lexical priming effect to operate. In this way, retrieving chunks from memory becomes more fluent and effortless.

  1. Phonological priming. When word primes another which sounds similar, such as rhyming words. Light primes night and bite. Any teaching which encourages students to notice phonological and similarities should help students remember words and phrases. Rhymes are a good example.

3.           3. Syntactic priming. This is when speakers use the same grammatical structures they have recently heard or read. Short term syntactic priming is thought to involve explicit memory (consciously re-using an expression just heard), whereas long-term syntactic priming is thought to be the result of implicit learning (unconscious learning).

What does this imply in practice? Carefully controlling the language input is likely to lead to students using structures more successfully. It is wise, therefore, to use frequently occurring grammatical patterns in the expectation that students will pick them up both in the short and long term. This can be done, for example, by means of question-answer sequences, sentence builders (also known as substitution tables), various oral drills, as well as by flooding input language with the patterns you want students to pick up. Sets of short paragraphs, each one containing examples of the same grammatical structure, worked on intensively with a range of exercises, can supply the input and interaction needed to encourage priming. This is known as narrow reading (Smith and Conti, 2016), based loosely on an idea from Stephen Krashen.

Reference: Memory: What Every Language Teacher Should Know (Smith and Conti, 2021). Independently published.

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

What is the natural order hypothesis?

The natural order hypothesis states that all learners acquire the grammatical structures of a language in roughly the same order. This applies to both first and second language acquisition. This order is not dependent on the ease with which a particular language feature can be taught; in English, some features, such as third-person "-s" ("he runs") are easy to teach in a classroom setting, but are not typically fully acquired until the later stages of language acquisition. The hypothesis was based on morpheme studies by Heidi Dulay and Marina Burt, which found that certain morphemes were predictably learned before others during the course of second language acquisition. The hypothesis was picked up by Stephen Krashen who incorporated it in his very well known input model of second language learning. Furthermore, according to the natural order hypothesis, the order of acquisition remains the same regardless of the teacher's explicit instruction; in other words,
4 comments
Read more

What is skill acquisition theory?

For this post, I am drawing on a section from the excellent book by Rod Ellis and Natsuko Shintani called Exploring Language Pedagogy through Second Language Acquisition Research (Routledge, 2014). Skill acquisition is one of several competing theories of how we learn new languages. It’s a theory based on the idea that skilled behaviour in any area can become routinised and even automatic under certain conditions through repeated pairing of stimuli and responses. When put like that, it looks a bit like the behaviourist view of stimulus-response learning which went out of fashion from the late 1950s. Skill acquisition draws on John Anderson’s ACT theory, which he called a cognitivist stimulus-response theory. ACT stands for Adaptive Control of Thought.  ACT theory distinguishes declarative knowledge (knowledge of facts and concepts, such as the fact that adjectives agree) from procedural knowledge (knowing how to do things in certain situations, such as understand and speak a language).
Post a Comment
Read more

12 principles of second language teaching

This is a short, adapted extract from our book The Language Teacher Toolkit . "We could not possibly recommend a single overall method for second language teaching, but the growing body of research we now have points to certain provisional broad principles which might guide teachers. Canadian professors Patsy Lightbown and Nina Spada (2013), after reviewing a number of studies over the years to see whether it is better to just use meaning-based approaches or to include elements of explicit grammar teaching and practice, conclude: Classroom data from a number of studies offer support for the view that form-focused instruction and corrective feedback provided within the context of communicative and content-based programmes are more effective in promoting second language learning than programmes that are limited to a virtually exclusive emphasis on comprehension. As teachers Gianfranco and I would go along with that general view and would like to suggest our own set of g
2 comments
Read more